Abstract
The tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae) is restricted to Eurasia and includes the genera Archihyoscyamus, Anisodus, Atropa, Atropanthe, Hyoscyamus, Physochlaina, Przewalskia and Scopolia. Even though the monophyly of Hyoscyameae is strongly supported, the relationships of the taxa within the tribe remain unclear. Chloroplast markers have been widely used to elucidate plant relationships at low taxonomic levels. Identification of variable chloroplast intergenic regions has been developed based on comparative genomics of chloroplast genomes, but these regions have a narrow phylogenetic utility. In this study, we present the chloroplast genome sequence of Hyoscyamus niger and make comparisons to other solanaceous plastid genomes in terms of gene order, gene and intron content, editing sites, origins of replication, repeats, and hypothetical open reading frames. We developed and sequenced three variable plastid markers from eight species to elucidate relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae. The presence of a horizontally transferred intron in the mitochondrial cox1 gene of some species of the tribe is considered here a likely synapomorphy uniting five genera of the Hyoscyameae. Alternatively, the cox1 intron could be a homoplasious character acquired twice within the tribe. A homoplasious inversion in the intergenic plastid spacer trnC-psbM was recognized as a source of bias and removed from the data set used in the phylogenetic analyses. Almost 12 kb of plastid sequence data were not sufficient to completely resolve relationships among genera of Hyoscyameae but some clades were identified. Two alternative hypotheses of the evolution of the genera within the tribe are proposed.
Highlights
The family Solanaceae consists of more than 2,700 species, including several economically important crops and ornamentals
The tribe Hyoscyameae is largely restricted to Eurasia and includes the genera Archihyoscyamus, Anisodus, Atropa, Atropanthe, Hyoscyamus, Physochlaina, Przewalskia and Scopolia [5,6,7,8]
Albeit the delimitation of the tribe has been questioned based on secondary chemistry [1,9], today the monophyly of the tribe Hyoscyameae is strongly supported based on molecular data [5,10]
Summary
The family Solanaceae consists of more than 2,700 species, including several economically important crops and ornamentals. The genus Hyoscyamus includes some of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Solanaceae [1,2]. Species of Hyoscyamus and related genera are well known as a natural source of tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and tropine, which have medicinal, hallucinogenic and poisonous properties [2,3,4]. The tribe Hyoscyameae is largely restricted to Eurasia and includes the genera Archihyoscyamus, Anisodus, Atropa, Atropanthe, Hyoscyamus, Physochlaina, Przewalskia and Scopolia [5,6,7,8]. What remains unclear are the relationships among the taxa of the tribe
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