Abstract
To develop and validate a questionnaire to measure food-related and activity-related practices of child-care staff, based on existing, validated parenting practices questionnaires. A selection of items from the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) and the Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) questionnaire was made to include items most suitable for the child-care setting. The converted questionnaire was pre-tested among child-care staff during cognitive interviews and pilot-tested among a larger sample of child-care staff. Factor analyses with Varimax rotation and internal consistencies were used to examine the scales. Spearman correlations, t tests and ANOVA were used to examine associations between the scales and staff's background characteristics (e.g. years of experience, gender). Child-care centres in the Netherlands. The qualitative pre-test included ten child-care staff members. The quantitative pilot test included 178 child-care staff members. The new questionnaire, the Child-care Food and Activity Practices Questionnaire (CFAPQ), consists of sixty-three items (forty food-related and twenty-three activity-related items), divided over twelve scales (seven food-related and five activity-related scales). The CFAPQ scales are to a large extent similar to the original CFPQ and PPAPP scales. The CFAPQ scales show sufficient internal consistency with Cronbach's α ranging between 0·53 and 0·96, and average corrected item-total correlations within acceptable ranges (0·30-0·89). Several of the scales were significantly associated with child-care staff's background characteristics. Scale psychometrics of the CFAPQ indicate it is a valid questionnaire that assesses child-care staff's practices related to both food and activities.
Highlights
Questionnaire selection Two parenting practices questionnaires were selected for conversion to the child-care setting: the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) of MusherEizenman and Holub[35] assessing food-related parenting practices; and the Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) questionnaire of O’Connor et al[36]
F-R, food-related Restriction; F-MON, food-related Monitoring; F-MOD/ENC, food-related Modelling/Encourage balance and variety; F-INV/ENV, food-related Involvement/Environment; F-TN, food-related Teaching about nutrition; F-PE, food-related Pressure to eat; F-CC, food-related Child control; food-related scale Emotion regulation/Food as reward (F-ER/FR), foodrelated Emotion regulation/Food as reward; A-MOD, activity-related Modelling; activity-related scales Psychological control (A-PC), activity-related Psychological control; A-PST, activity-related Promote screen time; A-T/AS; activity-related Teaching/Autonomy support; activity-related scale Going outdoors (A-GO), activity-related Going outdoors
Based on two validated parenting practices questionnaires, the CFPQ[35] and the PPAPP[36], and the previous work of Dev and colleagues[33,34] to translate the CFPQ to the child-care setting, we developed and validated the Dutch version of the care Food and Activity Practices Questionnaire (CFAPQ)
Summary
Questionnaire selection Two parenting practices questionnaires were selected for conversion to the child-care setting: the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) of MusherEizenman and Holub[35] assessing food-related parenting practices; and the Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) questionnaire of O’Connor et al[36]. Questionnaire conversion After the CFPQ and PPAPP were selected, their items were reviewed by the present authors for applicability in the child-care setting. Several additional items were dropped based on the responses of the interview participants These were five items of the CFPQ and four items of the PPAPP (see online supplementary material, Supplemental Tables 1 and 2). For the CFPQ, five items of the Restriction for weight control scale were deleted, as the child-care staff could not relate to these questions; weight control was beyond their influence and beyond their responsibility. Another example was that all child-care staff indicated that they had an enclosed and locked playground. Correlations between the scales and childcare staff’s background characteristics were examined using independent-samples t tests for bivariate variables (i.e. gender, whether they had own children and educational level), ANOVA for categorical variables (i.e. age, years of experience in current centre and in general) and Spearman correlations for continuous variables (i.e. BMI and number of groups in current centre)
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