Abstract
This is the first study to investigate the effect of ethanol concentrations on the phenolic content and biological activities of Sripanya Punica granatum peel extract. Various concentrations of ethanol, (20 to 80% v/v), were used in the maceration process. Extracts were investigated for total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and anti-tyrosinase activity by a spectrophotometric method. The chemical composition was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The irritation of the extracts was determined by Hen’s egg test–chorioallantoic membrane assay. The results demonstrated that E60, which was extracted using 60% v/v ethanol, had the highest yield (66.23 ± 0.38% w/w), the highest total phenolic content (490.42 ± 7.20 μg GAE/g), and the highest antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. IC50 values on DPPH• and ABTS•+ inhibition were 10.97 ± 0.97 and 6.48 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. The 60% v/v ethanol extract (E60) possessed strong tyrosinase inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.10 ± 0.13 µg/mL, which is more potent than kojic acid. The major constituents were punicalagin (4.05 ± 0.26% w/w) and ellagic acid (0.63 ± 0.04% w/w). E60 was safe for topical application since it did not induce irritation. Therefore, we suggest that E60 is a promising agent for further product development.
Highlights
Punica granatum, a medicinal plant in the family of Punicaceae, is known as pomegranate or punica apple [1]
MO, USA; l-tyrosine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany; sodium carbonate was purchased from Ajax Finechem Pty., Ltd., Taren Point, Australia; dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, sodium hydroxide, and deionized water were purchased from RCI Labscan, Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand; and glacial acetic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK
All experiments were performed in triplicate, and gallic acid was used as a standard substance
Summary
A medicinal plant in the family of Punicaceae, is known as pomegranate or punica apple [1]. In Thailand, four pomegranate varieties, including Dentawan, Jarassang, Pechamporn, and Sripanya, have been discovered and registered by the Plant Varieties Protection Office of the Department of Agricultural Extension. These varieties have several identifiable characteristics compared to other existing varieties, such as the peel color (ranging from yellow to purple, pink and red, with the latter being the most common), seed-coat color (ranging from white to red), seed hardness, Cosmetics 2020, 7, 7; doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010007 www.mdpi.com/journal/cosmetics. Sripanya, which is the most popular pomegranate in Thailand, has a red peel, a dark-red seed coat, and a very sweet taste It was bred from a Spanish and Thai native variety.
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