Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from the stem barks, leaf petioles, fruit petioles, fresh leaves, and fresh and dried fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa were extracted by hydrodistillation. The volatile compounds of the products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MSD). Monoterpene hydrocarbons formed the predominant fraction of all six EO samples, of which sabinene is one of the major components (from 12.37% to 41.13%). For the leaf petiole EO, limonene (25.01%), sabinene (14.56%), and linalool (12.63%) are the major constituents, while the main constituents of fruit petiole EO were terpinolene (19.66%), terpinen-4-ol (19.07%), and sabinene (17.83%). The major components of stem bark EO are terpinen-4-ol (18.23%), sabinene (12.37%), α-phellandrene (7.34%), β-phellandrene (6.32%), and γ-terpinene (6.12%), while sabinene (38.35%), terpinen-4-ol (13.71%), γ-terpinene (6.47%), and limonene (6.02%) are the major constituents of fresh leaf EO. For the EOs of dried fruits and fresh fruits, sabinene, terpinolene, limonene, and terpinen-4-ol are the major constituents. The essential oils were also tested for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. The results revealed that six EOs at concentrations of 50 μg/mL exhibited inhibitory activity against at least one tested cancer cell line but were nontoxic on Vero normal cells. Most EOs showed moderate antimicrobial activity against F. oxysporum; however, there were no obvious activity against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
Highlights
Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC (Z. rhetsa) is a flowering plant of the Rutaceae family found in India, Myanmar, ailand, Lao, and Vietnam. e tree has a medium size with a straight body, thorny branches, and 10–15 cm lanceolate leaves. e Z. rhetsa flowering season is between June and July with clusters of gray-white flowers and fruiting in October and November [1, 2]
Isolation of Essential Oils. e oil extraction was performed by hydrodistillation in the Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h at normal pressure. e collected Essential oils (EOs) were dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, weighted, and refrigerated until analysis. e samples were labeled as SB: stem bark; LP: leaf petiole; FP: fruit petiole; FL: fresh leaves; dried fruit EO (DF): dried fruit; and fresh fruit EO (FF): fresh fruit
There is a large difference in the content of some compounds in six EO samples, such as terpinolene is present in high content in dried fruits, fresh fruits, fruit petioles, and leaf petioles (30.37%, 27.05%, 19.66%, and 6.86%, respectively) but with low content in fresh leaves and stem barks (1.91% and 1.57%, respectively); linalool is present in relatively high content in leaf petioles and fruit petioles (12.63% and 11.64%, respectively), but it is only present in low content in fresh leaves, fresh fruits, stem barks, and dried fruits (1.80%, 1.71%, 1.61%, and 0.84%, respectively); α-pinene presents with 7.00% in leaf petioles and 5.62% in fresh leaves, but it has only trace content in the samples of dried fruits (0.67%) and fresh fruits (0.54%)
Summary
Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC (Z. rhetsa) is a flowering plant of the Rutaceae family found in India, Myanmar, ailand, Lao, and Vietnam. e tree has a medium size (about 14–18 meter in height) with a straight body, thorny branches, and 10–15 cm lanceolate leaves. e Z. rhetsa flowering season is between June and July with clusters of gray-white flowers and fruiting in October and November [1, 2]. The seed EO of Z. rhetsa grown in Kerala (South India) contained mostly monoterpenes [5], while sesquiterpenes were predominant in the leaf EO, with the major components include caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, β-copaene, and spathulenol [6]. The seed coat of Z. rhetsa collected from Senapati (the northeast of India) mainly consisted of terpinen-4-ol (32.1%), α-terpineol (8.2%), sabinene (8.1%), along with β-phellandrene and 2-undecanone at 7.4% and 7.1%, respectively [8]. In some areas of ailand such as Nan and Chiang Rai, the dried and the fresh fruits of Z. rhetsa contained different levels of limonene (27.10%–59.68%), β-phellandrene (10.88%– 19.40%), and sabinene (25.03%–31.21%) [9]. Sabinene (22.51%) and terpinene-4-ol (32.33%) were the major components of the EO extracted from fresh fruits of Z. rhetsa collected from Phayao ( ailand) [10]
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