Abstract
The characterization of the solid provides the most valuable information to understand the behavior of the process. Various modern analytical instruments are available for the characterization of clay minerals. Chapter 6 describes several methods which widely used for the characterization of clay minerals for environmental purpose. The methods include nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyzing of nitrogen sorption isotherms is used to characterize porous materials, allowing for the determination of specific surface area, pore size distribution as well as the pore volume. The lack of BET method based on nitrogen sorption isotherms is presented in this chapter. The X-ray diffraction provides fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials and the determination of their structure. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis provides surface topography of the clay minerals. The functional groups of the modified clay minerals can be determined by FTIR method.
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