The Character of Pre-modern Interstate Diplomacy

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 See the list of incidents in Sigrid Albert, Bellum Iustum (Kallmünz, 1980), 13–14. 2 So the influential position of W. V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome (Oxford, 1979): 165–75. 3 S. P. Mattern Parkes, ‘The Defeat of Crassus and the Just War’, Classical World 96 (2003): 387–96. 4 See A. M. Eckstein, Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2006), Chs. 4, 5, and 6. 5 Mattern-Parkes (above, n. 3), 391. 6 The classic example is the intense senatorial anger at the Republic of Rhodes for attempting to mediate the war between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon in 168 B.C. 7 An important exception, not discussed by Ager, is the central role played by the Epirote Confederation in successfully mediating a true compromise peace between Rome and King Philip V of Macedon in 205 B.C. 8 Harris, War and Imperialism, 164–66. 9 On the authenticity of the sentiments of this speech as it appears in Livy, see J. M. Quillin, ‘Information and Empire: Domestic Fear Propaganda in Republcan Rome, 200–149 B.C.’, Journ. of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160 (2004), 775–76. 10 Jerzy Linderski, ‘Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum: Concepts of Defensive Imperialism’, in Jerzy Linderski, ed., Roman Questions: Selected Papers, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1995): 1–8 (orig. publ. 1984). 11 See Hendrik Mourtisen, Italian Unification: A Study in Ancient and Modern Historiography (London 1998), 23–37, and cf. 59–60 on Mommsen. 12 Allegedly, only ambassadors from Massilia (Marseilles) were exempt from this indignity; they sat with the senators, because of the help Massilia had given Rome at the time of the Gallic sack of Rome ca. 387 B.C. (Justin Epitome of the History of Pompeius Trogus, 43.5.10). 13 The Punic envoys (whom Polybius says had right on their side but still failed, for reasons of power-politics): Polyb. 31.21.5–6. The ambassador from Ephesus: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 17, no. 505. 14 Some of these Punic envoys decided not to return to Carthage in the first place (Diodorus of Sicily 32.6.4). 15 This thesis, too, goes back to Mommsen's reconstruction of the eventual unification of Italy. 16 See A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Policy in the Greek East, 168 B.C.– 1 A.D. (Norman, Oklahoma, 1984): Chapters I and II, and E. S. Gruen, The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984): Chapter 2.