Abstract
China’s contemporary urban housing is increasingly developed at mass housing scale. In recent decades, it has transformed into large scale urban design approach rather than individual architectural design. This is generally common across major Chinese cities and is also becoming the case in some township regions. The increase in mass urban housing production firstly initiated in early years after establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and was then increased significantly from the 1970s onwards. Similar to the case of post-war European housing development in the 1950s and 1960s, China experienced a rapid transition and huge demand for new urban housing. The two decades of 1980s and 1990s are known as China’s remarkable era for rapid growth and urbanisation, which was unprecedented not only for China but also globally. In this paper, the focus is on urban design controls and their impacts on housing transitions in China by first analysing common housing typologies as well as their challenges and issues and common practices of urban design for housing projects across major cities of China. This paper argues in favour of alternative routes before concluding on the importance of detailed design and new possibilities for revised and re-evaluated urban design controls. This paper offers a set of analytical views on positive and negative impacts of urban design controls on contemporary urban housing in China. It also adds to existing research focused on urban housing transitions in China and directly linked to sectors of urban planning and urban design. This study concludes with possibilities for new directions, focused on: development of low- to midrise urban housing typology, compact urban development, and avoidance of gated community development.
Highlights
By observing many contemporary urban residential communities and districts of major Chinese cities, we can identify common features of contemporary urban housing, often with no defined edges [1], minimal characteristics, generic landscaping and inhumane scale
These investigate the role of urban design controls and measures for urban housing projects that can lead to alternative urban design and planning practices, which are highlighted below
The study of housing patterns in China is often conducted at various levels and with multiple objectives [8], including the following three key overlapping aspects: (1) research on housing reform policy [9,10,11], where issues of policy change and development are extensively discussed and analysed; (2) research on socio-spatial patterns of Chinese cities and urban housing [12,13,14,15,16,17], which is a more recent topic of research related to issues of space and social qualities in the urban environments; and (3) arguably the well-known gap of literature and research on individual residential units and affordable housing [18]
Summary
By observing many contemporary urban residential communities and districts of major Chinese cities, we can identify common features of contemporary urban housing, often with no defined edges [1], minimal characteristics, generic landscaping and inhumane scale. Much of the focus was on smaller family units and community-based living environments This major change, combined with the scenario of rural-to-urban migration, had significant impact on density of cities resulting in formation of new urban housing typologies, new spatial configurations and new urban design principles for urban housing projects across medium to large scale cities of China. Some of these principles were developed into urban design controls that are fundamental to planning and design of residential compounds, housing units and their immediate living environments. Cities are very much dependent on these widespread transitions that have shaped new urban living environments, new spatial configurations and new physicality of the cities in China
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