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Abstract
The practising clinician treating a patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) faces a difficult task of choosing the most appropriate therapeutic regimen in a rapidly developing field with recommendations derived from clinical trials. NCCN guidelines for kidney cancer initiated a major shift in risk categorization and now include emerging treatments in the neoadjuvant setting. Updates of European Association of Urology clinical guidelines also include immune checkpoint inhibition as the first-line treatment. Randomized trials have demonstrated a survival benefit for ipilimumab and nivolumab combination in the intermediate and poor-risk group, while pembrolizumab plus axitinib combination is recommended not only for unfavorable disease but also for patients who fit the favorable risk category. Currently vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeted therapy based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), sunitinib and pazopanib is the alternative regimen for patients who cannot tolerate immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Cabozantinib remains a valid alternative option for the intermediate and high-risk group. For previously treated patients with TKI with progression, nivolumab, cabozantinib, axitinib, or the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab appear the most plausible alternatives. For patients previously treated with ICI, any VEGF-targeted therapy, not previously used in combination with ICI therapy, seems to be a valid option, although the strength of this recommendation is weak. The indication for cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) is also changing. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy does not add perioperative morbidity and can help identify non-responders, avoiding unnecessary surgery. However, the role of CN should be investigated under the light of new immunotherapeutic interventions. Also, markers of response to ICI need to be identified before the optimal selection of therapy could be determined for a particular patient.
Highlights
The practising clinician treating a patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) faces a difficult task of choosing the most appropriate therapeutic regimen in a rapidly developing field with recommendations derived from clinical trials
The results revealed that superiority in the metastatic the combination of of nivolumab plus ipilimumab demonstrated obvious in thesetting, treatment-naïve patients with intermediate and poor-risk mCRRCC (objective response rate (ORR) 42% vs. 29%; p < 0.0001)
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for metastatic kidney cancer have adopted the combination of ipilimumab plus nivolumab as the first-line therapy in the intermediate and poor-risk groups [30]
Summary
The ability to evade immune surveillance and programmed cell death characterize kidney cancer cells. Ipilimumab and nivolumab are monoclonal antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint proteins. PD-1 acts as a negative regulator of T-cell activity by binding to PD-L1 on either antigen-presenting or tumor cells, causing the inhibition of T-cell anti-neoplastic responses. CTLA-4 acts as a negative regulator of T-cell activation by binding to the B7 ligand CD80, and CD86 expressed on antigen-presenting cells, preventing the interaction between CD28 and the B7 ligands. A better knowledge of the immunology of T-cell activation is leading to the establishment of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), and the beginning of a new era in the treatment paradigm of patients with advanced CCRCC, using monoclonal antibodies to block the inhibition of. The monoclonal antibodies Nivolumab target the immune checkpoint proteins PD-1 and CTLA-4, respectively. Nivolumab blocks the inhibitory and Ipilimumab target the immune checkpoint proteins PD‐1 and CTLA‐4, respectively.
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