The change in Finnish Baltic policy as a turning point in Finnish-Soviet relations. Finland, Baltic independence and the end of the Soviet Union 1988-1991

Abstract

ABSTRACT The disintegration processes in the Soviet Union, in particular the emergence of independence movements in the Baltic States, posed a difficult challenge for Finland. This article examines the Finnish policy regarding the situation in the Baltic States in 1988–1991 and analyses the evolution of the views of the Finnish leadership based on recently declassified records in the personal collection of President Mauno Koivisto and the archives of Finland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Finnish leadership’s point of departure was that the political developments in the Baltics should proceed in a controlled manner, without endangering the stability of the Soviet Union. Finland therefore avoided supporting the Baltic independence movement publicly, but did support it in the form of practical co-operation. The article shows that the change in Finnish Baltic policy was the result of a shift in power relations within the Soviet Union, after the failed coup attempt in Moscow in August 1991. Finland restored diplomatic relations with the Baltic States before the Soviet Union recognized the independence of its former republics. This episode paved way for the initiative to discard the FCMA treaty which had tied Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence.