The chamber formation cycle inNautilus macromphalus

Abstract

The chamber formation cycle in externally shelled, chambered cephalopods consists of mural ridge formation, secretion of the siphuncular connecting ring, septal calcification, and cameral liquid removal. Radiographic observation of the chamber formation cycle in specimens ofNautilus macromphalusallows direct observation of the various processes of the chamber formation cycle in a chambered cephalopod, and gives direct measures of rates. New chamber formation inN. macromphalusinitiates when slightly more than half of the cameral liquid has been removed from the last formed chamber. At this volume, the liquid within the chamber drops from direct contact with the permeable connecting ring to a level where it is no longer in direct contact and must move onto the connecting ring due to wettable properties of the septal face and septal neck. This change from “coupled” to “decoupled” emptying coincides with the formation of a mural ridge at the rear of the body chamber, in front of the last formed septum. With completion of the mural ridge, the septal mantle moves forward from its position against the face of the last formed septum and attaches to the new mural ridge, where it begins calcifying a new septum in front of the newly created, liquid-filled space. Emptying of the new cameral liquid from this space commences when the calcifying septum has reached from one-third to two-thirds of its final thickness. The cessation of calcification of the septum coincides with a liquid volume in the new chamber of approximately 50%, at which point the cycle begins anew. During the chamber formation cycle apertural shell growth appears to be continuous. Since apertural shell growth is the prime factor leading to increased density in seawater, and hence decreased buoyancy, the period in the chamber formation cycle between the onset of septal calcification and the onset of emptying would be a time of greatly decreasing buoyancy. This is avoided by the removal of decoupled liquid from previously produced chambers. In this way constant neutral buoyancy is maintained. The time between chamber formation events in aquarium maintainedN. macromphalusappears to be between 70 and 120 d.