Abstract
Emerging research in biosensors has attracted much attention worldwide, particularly in response to the recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nevertheless, initiating research in biosensing applied to the diagnosis of diseases is still challenging for researchers, be it in the preferences of biosensor platforms, selection of biomarkers, detection strategies, or other aspects (e.g., cutoff values) to fulfill the clinical purpose. There are two sides to the development of a diagnostic tool: the biosensor development side and the clinical side. From the development side, the research engineers seek the typical characteristics of a biosensor: sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, stability, and reproducibility. On the other side are the physicians that expect a diagnostic tool that provides fast acquisition of patient information to obtain an early diagnosis or an efficient patient stratification, which consequently allows for making assertive and efficient clinical decisions. The development of diagnostic devices always involves assay developer researchers working as pivots to bridge both sides whose role is to find detection strategies suitable to the clinical needs by understanding (1) the intended use of the technology and its basic principle and (2) the preferable type of test: qualitative or quantitative, sample matrix challenges, biomarker(s) threshold (cutoff value), and if the system requires a mono- or multiplex assay format. This review highlights the challenges for the development of biosensors for clinical assessment and its broad application in multidisciplinary fields. This review paper highlights the following biosensor technologies: magnetoresistive (MR)-based, transistor-based, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and optical-based biosensors. Its working mechanisms are discussed with their pros and cons. The article also gives an overview of the most critical parameters that are optimized by developing a diagnostic tool.
Highlights
Biosensors for clinical application is an emerging research field, for the rapid detection and early screening of biomarkers in the case of an outbreak, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1,2]
quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) relies on the resonance frequency between piezoelectric materials, and the optical-based biosensor relies on the photon interaction for the sensing region and target sample
QCM relies on the resonance frequency between piezo3 of 28 electric materials, and the optical-based biosensor relies on the photon interaction for the sensing region and target sample
Summary
Biosensors for clinical application is an emerging research field, for the rapid detection and early screening of biomarkers in the case of an outbreak, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1,2]. The facts brought by the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 emphasize the need for early screening methods to interrupt the spread of the disease. Those screening methods can be relevant in airports, seaports, country borders, or among communities. This article discusses the state of the art, recent issues, and challenges of biosensor development for clinical applications. The last section, “Conclusion”, will cover the systematic key steps to consider in developing a clinical diagnostic tool in a workflow chart
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