The Challenge of Human Development: Inclusion or Democratic Citizenship?

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey words: InclusionCitizenshipDemocracyDifferenceInequalityHuman Development Notes 1 See Przeworski and Limongi (1993 Przeworski, A. and Limongi, F. 1993. ‘Political regimes and economic growth’. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(3): 51–69. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). There were, of course, other perspectives that did not share the premise of this binary, and reflected rather differently on the question of whether regime types actually have an exclusive, or even pre‐eminent, role in determining developmental outcomes. These convincingly contradicted the fundamental assumptions of that debate by identifying a range of factors other than regime type that were responsible for the success of the East Asian economies. Cf. Bardhan (1993 Bardhan, P. 1993. ‘Symposium on democracy and development’. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(3): 45–49. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). 2 As Przeworski et al. subsequently wrote: “Albeit in omniscient retrospect, the entire controversy seems have been much ado about nothing” (2000 Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M.E., Cheibub, J.A. and Limongi, F. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well‐Being in the World, 1950–1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], p. 178). 3 Singapore and South Korea, about which there may be some equivocation, stand at ranks 25 and 26, respectively (United Nations Development Programme, 2007 United Nations Development Programme. 2007. Human Development Report 2007/08: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World, New York: United Nations. [Google Scholar], p. 234). 4 Twenty‐one countries are listed in the Low Human Development category — Senegal, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Guinea, Rwanda, Angola, Benin, Malawi, Zambia, Cote d’Ivoire, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, Mozambique, Mali, Niger, Guinea‐Bissau, Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone. South Africa and India — at ranks 121 and 128, respectively — are in the Medium Human Development category (United Nations Development Programme, 2007 United Nations Development Programme. 2007. Human Development Report 2007/08: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World, New York: United Nations. [Google Scholar], pp. 236–237). 5 Cf. Byrne (2005 Byrne, D. 2005. Social Exclusion, Maidenhead: Open University Press. [Google Scholar], chap. 3). 6 See Benhabib (2004 Benhabib, S. 2004. The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). 7 See Gore (1995 Gore, C. 1995. “‘Introduction: markets, citizenship and social exclusion’”. In Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses, Edited by: Rodgers, G., Gore, C. and Figueiredo, J.B. 1–42. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies and UNDP. [Google Scholar]). 8 The idea of ‘citizenship regimes’ was first spelt out, in the Canadian context, by Jenson and Phillips (1996 Jenson, J. and Phillips, S.D. 1996. ‘Regime shift: new citizenship practices in Canada’. International Journal of Canadian Studies, 14: 111–135. [Google Scholar]). It has subsequently been developed upon by Deborah Yashar (2005 Yashar, D. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge, Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) for the Latin American context. 9 Cf. Government of India (2006 Government of India. 2006. Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community in India: A Report, New Delhi: Prime Minister’s High Level Committee, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. [Google Scholar]), better known as the Sachar Committee Report, after the name of its Chairperson, former Justice Rajinder Sachar. 10 This section draws on Jayal (2006 Jayal, N.G. 2006. Representing India: Ethnic Diversity and the Governance of Public Institutions, London: Palgrave Macmillan and UNRISD. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], chap. 2). 11 This section draws upon Jayal (forthcoming).