Abstract
The development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been extensively studied in the past decade, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has reached a record of 25.2%. Despite impressively high PCE, the fabrication process mainly relied on a well-controlled environment, an inert gas–filled glovebox, and devices of small areas were demonstrated. This impedes the technology transfer from laboratory scale spin coating to manufacturing ambient air scalable processes. Furthermore, the nucleation and crystal growth processes of the perovskite thin films are different when the films are prepared in different environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of ambient air–processed organometallic halide perovskite thin films. Focuses are made on the impact of ambient air conditions, typically adventitious moisture, on the crystallization of perovskites thin films. The challenges and strategies in the technology transfer from the glovebox or ambient air spin coating to scalable meniscus blade coating are also discussed to shed light on the manufacture of ambient air–processed PSCs.
Highlights
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have received tremendous attention in the photovoltaic field of study in the past decade because the active perovskite layer exhibits excellent optoelectronic and intrinsic properties such as high carrier mobility, long charge carrier diffusion length (∼100 μm), large optical absorption coefficient (∼105 cm−1), low exciton binding energy (∼20 meV), and low nonradiative recombination losses (Liu et al, 2013; CorreaBaena et al, 2017); flexible bandgap tunability (Noh et al, 2013; Saliba et al, 2016); and ease of lowtemperature solution process facilitating low-cost fabrication of photovoltaic devices (Dunlap-Shohl et al, 2019)
A gas blowing velocity of 42 m s−1 enabled the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with steady Perovskite Films efficiency (PCE) under ambient conditions up to 65% relative humidity (RH)
Remarkable progress in the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been demonstrated in laboratory small-scaled devices fabricated in an inert gas–filled glovebox
Summary
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have received tremendous attention in the photovoltaic field of study in the past decade because the active perovskite layer exhibits excellent optoelectronic and intrinsic properties such as high carrier mobility, long charge carrier diffusion length (∼100 μm), large optical absorption coefficient (∼105 cm−1), low exciton binding energy (∼20 meV), and low nonradiative recombination losses (Liu et al, 2013; CorreaBaena et al, 2017); flexible bandgap tunability (Noh et al, 2013; Saliba et al, 2016); and ease of lowtemperature solution process facilitating low-cost fabrication of photovoltaic devices (Dunlap-Shohl et al, 2019). The drying kinetics (evaporation rate of the solvent) is a crucial parameter in the blade-coating process, which significantly affects the processing window, perovskite thin film morphology, crystal grain size, and final photovoltaic device performance (Hu et al, 2019) This can be controlled by different strategies including solvent engineering (Yang et al, 2017), hot substrate at the blade-coating step (He et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2018), and gasassisted drying (gas quenching) (Ding et al, 2019; Hu et al, 2019; Liu et al, 2020)
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