Abstract
BackgroundProstate cancer is the second most common cancer in males worldwide, and multitudes of factors have been reported to be associated with prostate cancer risk.ObjectivesWe aim to conduct the phenome-wide exposed-omics analysis of the risk factors for prostate cancer and verify the causal associations between them.MethodsWe comprehensively searched published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of cohort studies and conducted another systematic review and meta-analysis of the Mendelian randomization studies investigating the associations between extrinsic exposures and prostate cancer, thus to find all of the potential risk factors for prostate cancer. Then, we launched a phenome-wide two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to validate the potentially causal relationships using the PRACTICAL consortium and UK Biobank.ResultsWe found a total of 55 extrinsic exposures for prostate cancer risk. The causal effect of 30 potential extrinsic exposures on prostate cancer were assessed, and the results showed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [odds ratio (OR)=0.806, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.661-0.984, p=0.034], insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) (OR=1.0002, 95%CI: 1.00004-1.0004, p=0.016), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (OR=0.9993, 95%CI: 0.9986-0.99997, p=0.039), and body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.995, 95%CI: 0.990-0.9999, p=0.046) were associated with prostate cancer risk. However, no association was found between the other 26 factors and prostate cancer risk.ConclusionsOur study discovered the phenome-wide exposed-omics risk factors profile of prostate cancer, and verified that the IGFBP-3, DHA, BMI, and SLE were causally related to prostate cancer risk. The results may provide new insight into the study of the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among males worldwide [1]
We obtained summary genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics from PRACTICAL consortium and UK Biobank, and all participants included in the consortia were of European ancestry, relevant ethics approval can be found in the original publications [9, 10]
Eight studies involving eight factors with 140 036 cases and 279 025 controls were eligible for the meta-analysis
Summary
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among males worldwide [1]. In the United States, the estimated new prostate cancer cases reached 191 930, and prostate cancerrelated death achieved 33 330 in 2020, making it a malignancy with the highest incidence and second leading cause of mortality in males [2]. It was reported that the global incident cases were 169.11% higher for prostate cancer during the past 30 year, making it a major global public health challenges [3]. Epidemiological evidence have established some attributable risk factors for prostate cancer, such as smoking, high body mass index (BMI) and high fasting glucose [3, 4]. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in males worldwide, and multitudes of factors have been reported to be associated with prostate cancer risk
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