Abstract
Aim: A detailed and sophisticated analysis of causal relationships and chains of causation in medicine, life and other sciences by logically consistent statistical meth¬ods in the light of empirical data is still not a matter of daily routine for us. Methods: In this publication, the relationship between cause and effect is characterized while using the tools of classical logic and probability theory. Results: Methods how to determine conditions are developed in detail. The causal rela-tionship k has been derived mathematically from the axiom +1 = +1. Conclusion: Non-experimental and experimental data can be analysed by the methods presented for causal relationships.
Highlights
Before we try to describe the relationship between a cause and an e↵ect mathematically in a logically consistent way, it is vital to consider whether it is possible to achieve such a goal in principle
The trial to establish a generally accepted mathematical concept of causation is aggravated especially by the countless attacks [12] on the principle of causality[1, 7, 13,14,15,16] by many authors which even tried to get rid of this concept altogether and by the very long and rich history of the denialism of causality in Philosophy, Mathematics, Statistics, Physics and a number of other disciplines too
It is by no means a hopeless case to mathematise the relationship between a cause and an e↵ect in accordance with the basic laws of classical logic, statistics and probability theory
Summary
Before we try to describe the relationship between a cause and an e↵ect mathematically in a logically consistent way, it is vital to consider whether it is possible to achieve such a goal in principle. The trial to establish a generally accepted mathematical concept of causation is aggravated especially by the countless attacks [12] on the principle of causality[1, 7, 13,14,15,16] by many authors which even tried to get rid of this concept altogether and by the very long and rich history of the denialism of causality in Philosophy, Mathematics, Statistics, Physics and a number of other disciplines too It is by no means a hopeless case to mathematise the relationship between a cause and an e↵ect in accordance with the basic laws of classical logic, statistics and probability theory.
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