Abstract
This review paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art of the chemical transformation of oils/fats (i.e., triacylglycerols) to the use of biofuels or bio-lubricants in the means of transport, which is a novelty. The chemical transformation is necessary to obtain products that are more usable with properties corresponding to fuels synthesized from crude oil. Two types of fuels are described—biodiesel (the mixture of methyl esters produced by transesterification) and green diesel (paraffins produced by hydrogenation of oils). Moreover, three bio-lubricant synthesis methods are described. The transformation, which is usually catalysed, depends on: (i) the type and composition of the raw material, including alcohols for biodiesel production and hydrogen for green diesel; (ii) the type of the catalyst in the case of catalysed reactions; (iii) the reaction conditions; and (iv) types of final products. The most important catalysts, especially heterogeneous and including reaction conditions, for each product are described. The properties of biodiesel and green diesel and a comparison with diesel from crude oil are also discussed.
Highlights
The world’s energy consumption is ceaselessly rising from the industrial revolution in the 18th century
Biodiesel is formed by transesterification, while green diesel is formed by catalytic hydrotreating of oil
The obtained EP is usually known as crude biodiesel, Thecontains application of impurities, inorganic for transesterification stopping free fatty acids (FFA), is usually for which many such asacids remaining acylglycerols, glycerol, methathe kinetics study, that is, this procedure is not part of biodiesel production
Summary
The world’s energy consumption is ceaselessly rising from the industrial revolution in the 18th century. Humans have used renewable resources (wood) since prehistoric times, but population growth has increased the need for deforestation This big issue was resolved by fossil fuels, which allowed to gain energy in other ways than from growing crops, which requires a large area of land. Problems related to first-generation biofuels have increased for developing biofuels produced from non-edible food crops and forest biomass, including mining residues, agricultural waste (straw, hay, corn, and others), and fast-growing grasses and wood or biological waste from households. These so-called second-generation fuels include bioethanol, diesel oil as a product of Fisher–Tropsch synthesis, biobutanol from bioethanol, and so forth. The review gives a general overview of oils/fats transformation
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