Abstract
The physicist Niels Bohr said "How wonderful that we have met with a paradox. Now we have some hope of making progress." Many paradoxical results have no obvious explanation under the standard somatic mutation theory of tumorigenesis including non-genotoxic carcinogens, foreign-body tumorigenesis, tumors lacking the inducing mutation, spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma, epithelial cancer induced by a stromal carcinogen exposure, the link between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer, and experimental reversion of cancer-like alterations to normal tissue. Alternative hypotheses of tumorigenesis provide more plausible explanations. Investigating paradoxical results in tumorigenesis using modern technology guided by various hypotheses of tumorigenesis will likely spur scientific progress and may lead to new strategies for cancer prevention.
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