Abstract
Chronic heart failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is the most common hospital diagnosis for elderly patients. Concomitant or superimposed acute or chronic kidney injury, as is the case with cardiorenal syndrome, has a dramatic impact on the outcome. The inhibition of the neurohumoral axis and the adequate treatment of hypervolemia are fundamental elements of modern cardiac insufficiency therapies. In addition to optimal conservative therapy, there are other options: VAD implantation, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The PD offers biological and clinical benefits as an additive therapy for the treatment of patients with heart failure, refractory hypervolemia and non-urinary renal failure.
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