The carbon isotope ratio of breath is elevated by short-term and long-term added sugar and animal protein intake in a controlled feeding study

Abstract

BackgroundThe breath carbon isotope ratio (CIR) was recently identified as a noninvasive candidate biomarker of short-term added sugars (AS) intake. ObjectivesThis study aimed to better understand the potential of the breath CIR as a dietary biomarker. We evaluated the effects of short-term and long-term intakes of AS, animal protein (AP), and related variables on breath CIR, in the context of typical dietary intake patterns. MethodsWe conducted a 15-d controlled feeding study of 100 adults (age 18–70 y, 55% females) in Phoenix, AZ. Participants were provided individualized diets that approximated habitual food intakes and recorded the timing of food consumption. Three breath samples (fasting, midday, and evening) were collected on each of 3 nonconsecutive study days. We modeled the effects of dietary intake in each of 8 h preceding collection of the breath sample on breath CIR with a linear mixed model, which also included 15-d mean intakes, sex, age, and BMI. ResultsMedian (IQR) intakes of AS and AP in our study were 65 (38) and 67 (33) g/d, respectively. Midday and evening breath CIRs correlated strongly with each other (0.80) and with fasting breath CIR (0.77 and 0.68, respectively). In our linear mixed models, breath CIR increased by AS consumed 1–4 h before sample collection, AP consumed 3–6 h before sample collection, and 15-d intakes of AS and AP, all with similar effect sizes. The breath CIR was also inversely associated with 15-d intakes of intrinsic sugars and plant protein; thus, associations with 15-d intakes were particularly strong when expressed proportionally as the AS ratio (added sugars/total sugars) and AP ratio (animal protein/total protein). ConclusionsThe breath CIR is a promising measure of long-term intakes of AS and AP, especially as proportional intakes. Approaches to increase specificity would benefit the further development of this biomarker.