Abstract
Abstract. We describe a new rural network of four densely placed (< 100 km apart), continuous atmospheric carbon (CO2, CH4, and CO) measurement sites in north-central Switzerland and analyze its suitability for regional-scale (~ 100–500 km) carbon flux studies. We characterize each site for the period from March 2013 to February 2014 by analyzing surrounding land cover, observed local meteorology, and sensitivity to surface fluxes, as simulated with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-COSMO (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model-Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling). The Beromünster measurements are made on a tall tower (212 m) located on a gentle hill. At Beromünster, regional CO2 signals (measurement minus background) vary diurnally from −4 to +4 ppmv, on average, and are simulated to come from nearly the entire Swiss Plateau, where 50 % of surface influence is simulated to be within 130–260 km distance. The Früebüel site measurements are made 4 m above ground on the flank of a gently sloping mountain. Nearby (< 50 km) pasture and forest fluxes exert the most simulated surface influence, except during convective summertime days when the site is mainly influenced by the eastern Swiss Plateau, which results in summertime regional CO2 signals varying diurnally from −5 to +12 ppmv and elevated summer daytime CH4 signals (+30 ppbv above other sites). The Gimmiz site measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) in flat terrain. Here, strong summertime regional signals (−5 to +60 ppmv CO2) stem from large, nearby (< 50 km) crop and anthropogenic fluxes of the Seeland region, except during warm or windy days when simulated surface influence is of regional scale (< 250 km). The Lägern-Hochwacht measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) on top of the steep Lägern crest, where simulated surface influence is typically of regional scale (130–300 km) causing summertime regional signals to vary from −5 to +8 ppmv CO2. Here, considerable anthropogenic influence from the nearby industrialized region near Zurich causes the average wintertime regional CO2 signals to be 5 ppmv above the regional signals simultaneously measured at the Früebüel site. We find that the suitability of the data sets from our current observation network for regional carbon budgeting studies largely depends on the ability of the high-resolution (2 km) atmospheric transport model to correctly capture the temporal dynamics of the stratification of the lower atmosphere at the different sites. The current version of the atmospheric transport model captures these dynamics well, but it clearly reaches its limits at the sites in steep topography and at the sites that generally remain in the surface layer. Trace gas transport and inverse modeling studies will be necessary to determine the impact of these limitations on our ability to derive reliable regional-scale carbon flux estimates in the complex Swiss landscape.
Highlights
The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) with the terrestrial biosphere dominates the observed year-to-year variability in the global carbon sinks (Battle et al, 2000; Sarmiento et al, 2010; Le Quéré et al, 2010) even though land surfaces cover only 30 % of Earth’s surface area
We find that the suitability of the data sets from our current observation network for regional carbon budgeting studies largely depends on the ability of the high-resolution (2 km) atmospheric transport model to correctly capture the temporal dynamics of the stratification of the lower atmosphere at the different sites
In order to compare the area of surface influence of each site, we investigated cumulative surface sensitivities defined as s(τ ) = τ i,j ∀i, j : τ i,j > τ
Summary
The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) with the terrestrial biosphere dominates the observed year-to-year variability in the global carbon sinks (Battle et al, 2000; Sarmiento et al, 2010; Le Quéré et al, 2010) even though land surfaces cover only 30 % of Earth’s surface area. Our ability to quantify this variability in the net terrestrial carbon flux directly from observations has remained limited (Ciais et al, 2014). In most attempts to determine the global carbon budget, the net terrestrial carbon flux is estimated as the difference between the observed atmospheric carbon growth rate, and the sum of oceanic and anthropogenic carbon fluxes (Sarmiento et al, 2010; Le Quéré et al, 2013). As the processes governing this response are inherently local to regional, this requires the determination of terrestrial carbon fluxes at high spatial resolution (Gerbig et al, 2009)
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