Abstract
The genesis of chemical clusters of the transition and main group elements has been established. The base-line for cluster valence electrons has been demarcated with help of capping series. Using the base-line as a reference, the formulas of fragments and clusters were generated.  Also a simple general formula for calculating cluster valence electrons for systems ranging from a single to multi-skeletal element clusters was identified. The concepts of the existence of nuclei in clusters and some having black-holes were well established. The capping principle was extended to the main group and transition elements of the periodic table and a difference between metals and non-metals was discerned. The skeletal elements of clusters whose series have advanced beyond closo baseline level S=4n+2 can be separated into two broad groups, namely those which follow the closo series(nucleus) and those which follow the capping series.
Highlights
The capping concept has been widely applied to explain certain features of clusters for sometime(Mingos, 1991; Driess &NÖth, 2004; Wales, 2005; Goicoechea & Sevov, 2006; Amela-Cortes, et al, 2014)
The capping principle of clusters is well revealed by considering the genesis of the cluster series
The establishment of the base-line valence electron content VE0 strongly underpins the great significance of categorizing clusters into clans and families
Summary
The capping concept has been widely applied to explain certain features of clusters for sometime(Mingos, 1991; Driess &. According to the 4N series approach, all skeletal elements from single to multi-skeletal clusters can be represented by a capping symbol Kp=CyC[Mx], where y+x= n(the number of skeletal elements). This capping method which has developed to a level of using skeletal numbers is quite easy, systematic and standardized (Kiremire 2017a). A new method of deriving cluster valence electrons and formulas has been developed in this paper and the capping principle based on the 12N/14N series demonstrated
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