Abstract
The inhibitory activity of the papaya seed extract (PSE) on Candida albicans (C. albicans) was determined by turbidimetry method. The inhibitory mechanisms were also evaluated from the prospective of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease, and the activities of four complex enzymes in mitochondria respiratory chain. Results obtained from this study indicated that the PSE exhibited an effective inhibitory activity on C. albicans and induced significant accumulation of ROS and collapse of MMP. The Complex I and Complex III exhibited continues significant decrease in mitochondrial enzyme activity assays, but the Complex II and Complex IV activities were not positively correlated. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the PSE represents a rich and high-purity source of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which indicated the BITC may be responsible for the mitochondrial dysfunction.
Highlights
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important economic fruit in both tropical and sub-tropical region [1]
The GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the papaya seed extract (PSE) represents a rich and high-purity source of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which indicated the BITC may be responsible for the mitochondrial dysfunction
Papaya seeds were used in parts of Asia and South America as a vermifugal [5] and seed preparations were used in folk medicine due to its abortive properties to favor a good menstrual flow [6]
Summary
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important economic fruit in both tropical and sub-tropical region [1]. The papaya seeds had a high content of lipid (29.16%) and protein (25.63%). The lipid in the papaya seeds is considered economically attractive for industrial extraction, especially when compared to conventional oilseed crops such as corn and soybean [4]. The papaya seed extract (PSE) has been pronounced with some special functions such as antibacterial [11], anti-fertility [12,13,14,15], antihelminthic and antiamoebic [16] activities. Previous studies have discovered many bioactive compounds existed in papaya seeds [17], including substantial amounts of carotenoid pigments, isothiocyanate and phenolic compounds [8]. The seeds of papaya were generally discarded and little attention was given for further application of these bioactive compounds. Esivdeen-ewffoecrstse,othf eproelsyiesntaenscaenodf paaztohleosg,ennoicvfeul nagnit,iifnunpgaartlictuhlearrapCi.easlbwiciatnhs faenwdenrosnid-Ce. aelfbfeiccatnssosnpehcuiems aisnoslaatered furrogmenptlaytierneqtsu,iaregdainfostr aenffteifcutinvgeaml aagneangtsemhaesnitnocfrecaasneddid[2ia1s].isB[a2s2e]d. on the increasing side-effects of polyenes and azoles, novel antifuMngitaolcthhoenradpriieas wdyitshfufenwcteiornsidienvefoflevcetss oninhummaannys aarnetuifrugnegnatlly arecqtiuviirteieds.forInefftehcetiveenmdaonsyamgebmioetnict oafsscoacnidatidioinasisof[22o]x.idative bacteria and most eukaryotic cells, mitochondria have become an increMasiitnogchlyonidmrpiaodrtyasnfut ntcatrigoentinfvoor lvceeslliunlamr arneyseaanrtcifhu.nRgaelcaecnttilvyi,tieths.eInetxhtreaecntdoofsypmabpiaoytiac asseseodcsiatwioans oref pooxridteadtivteobeaxctheirbiait aannd manotsitfuenugkaalryaoctitcivcietylls,amgaiitnoscthoCnadnrdiaidhaavalebibceacnosm[e23a,n24in].crHeaoswinegvleyri,mppoosrstiabnlet tmaregcehtafnoirscmellouflatrhreesienahrcibhi.toRreyceancttliyv, itthye wexatsraicgtnoofrpeadp. aTyhaeseaeidms woaf strheips osrttueddytowexahsibtoit ahnigahnlitgifhutngthael apcottivenittyiaalgcaoimnspt oCuannddisdainaltbhiceanPsSE[23a,s24a].nHewowneavteurr,aplossosuibrlceemfoerchCa.nailsbmicaonfsthinehiinbhitiibointo. rTyhaectiinvhitiybiwtoarys imgneochreadn.isTmhse waiemreoafltshoisevstauludaytewdasfrtoomhitghhelipgrhotstpheectpivoeteonftiraelaccotmivpeoouxnydgseninstpheeciPeSsE(RaOs aS)ngeewnenraattuioranl, smouitroccehfoonrdCr.iaallbmiceanmsbirnahnibeiptiootne.nTtihael i(nMhMibiPto) rdyemcreeachsea,naisnmdsthweeraectaivlsiotieesvaolfufaoteudr fcroommptlhexe penrozsypmecetsivien omf irteoacchtoivnedorxiay.gen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease, and the activities of four complex enzymes in mitochondria
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