The Cagliari Statement on baclofen for the treatment of alcohol use disorder: An International Consensus

Abstract

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a common mental disorder with severe medical, psychological and social consequences [1] . AUD leads up to 3- and 4-fold increases in the risk of mortality in men and women, respectively [2] . Nevertheless, less than 10% of people with AUD seek and receive treatment for their disorder and less than 4% receive any pharmacological intervention [3] . The identification of new medications is crucial to increase the number of people with AUD who receive effective treatment. Baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist approved for clinical use as a muscle relaxant, has emerged as a promising drug for AUD [4] . Preclinical studies have provided consistent evidence that baclofen administration dose-dependently reduces alcohol consumption in validated animal models of AUD [5] . On the other hand, clinical studies have yielded less consistent results [6] . Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found that AUD patients treated with baclofen significantly reduced alcohol consumption compared to patients treated with placebo, whereas other RCTs found no differences between AUD patients treated with baclofen or placebo [6] . In addition, recent meta-analyses report there is insufficient evidence of effectiveness to support the use of baclofen to treat AUD [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] . Several methodological differences among these RCTs may have contributed to these contrasting results, including (i) the daily dose of baclofen (ranging from 30 to 300 mg), (ii) prescribing regimes (fixed doses or titration until the desired clinical effect was achieved), and (iii) presence/absence of comorbid medical (e.g. liver disease) or psychiatric diseases (e.g. anxiety disorders) [6] , [11] . Nevertheless, baclofen is used off-label to treat AUD in several countries, and in France baclofen was officially approved for AUD treatment in October 2018 [6] . In May 2018, during the GABAB Receptor Conference, held in Cagliari, Italy, a group of international experts in the clinical use of baclofen for AUD met and combined their expertise to provide concise and well-balanced information regarding this controversial topic. This group included 26 researchers and physicians who had contributed to the majority of RCTs (both positive and negative) on baclofen and AUD as well as studies focused on the side effects of baclofen in patients with AUD. A modified Delphi method was used. Each statement was discussed, modified, and rated until consensus was reached by the entire group. The final draft included 18 statements and was recently published as “the Cagliari Statement” in Lancet Psychiatry [12] . This Consensus paper is intended as a helpful tool for clinicians deciding whether or not prescribe baclofen off-label to their patients with AUD and to researchers planning investigations with baclofen. The Cagliari Statement may be particularly useful clinicians in France, where baclofen has been officially approved for AUD treatment [6] .