Abstract
Abstract The degenerated shell element is considered to be the most efficient shell element formulation. However, this element, as well as the corresponding C0 plate and beam elements, exhibit several deficiencies, expressed by locking phenomena with thin-element applications and in many cases, by spurious kinematic modes when reduced integration is used to alleviate those locking phenomena. The present paper proposes a generally applicable new formulation which removes all shear and membrane locking mechanisms from the finite element equations of the structural C0 shell, plate and beam elements. Employment of full integration with the proposed formulation eliminates also the zero energy modes problem, and/or softening effects, associated with the use of the technique of reduced integration in C0 plate and shell element applications. The formulation proposed is obtained through a simple and cost effective scheme.
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