The Brothertown Nation of Indians: Land Ownership and Nationalism in Early America, 1740–1840 , and: Red Brethren: The Brothertown and Stockbridge and the Problem of Race in Early America (review)

Abstract

The Brothertown Nation of Indians: Land Ownership and Nationalism in Early America, 1740-1840. By Brad D. E. Jarvis. (Lincoln: Nebraska University Press, 2010. Pp. 358. Cloth, $45.00.)Red Brethren: The Brothertown and Stockbridge and the Problem of Race in Early America. By David J. Silverman. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. Pp. 296. Cloth, $35.00.)Reviewed by Matthew DennisThese two books tell essentially the same story - one that's by now familiar in its general contours, and yet worth retelling. The Brothertown and Stockbridge Nations of Indians singlehandedly embody in their sagas the first three hundred years of Indian-white relations in colonial America and the United States, from the foundation of New England through the final removal of some Brothertowns and Stockbridges (and others) to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in the 1870s. The devil is in the details of this intricate plot, and the experience proved hellish, despite the fact that these much-removed peoples were among the most committed Christians and civilized farmers in the early republic.The Brothertown Indians formed themselves in the crucible of early America, amalgamating remnant peoples of southern New England and western Long Island - Pequots, Narragansetts, Mohegans, Niantics, Tunxis, and Montauketts - in a new community settled in Oneida lands in New York in the 1780s. Similarly, in a nearby town, the Stockbridge Indians incorporated Mohicans, Housatonics, Wappingers, and Esopus from the border regions of Massachusetts and New York. Delawares later joined the community from New Jersey. The distinctive Christianity of these refugees offered them a new means to cohere, marshal power, and survive as Indians. It helped forge new Native identities and shape their responses to the relentless encroachment and dispossession suffered by Native people in their original homelands and wherever else they resettled.Brothertown and Stockbridge were modeled on the classic New England town. While holding some land in common, the Christian inhabitants divided their property into individual lots, adopted prescribed gender roles and patterns of work, including plow agriculture for men and domestic industry for women, and attempted generally to emulate the social and economic virtues of whites.Imitation, it is often said, is the highest form of flattery, but these Christian Indians' mimesis of white cultural practice was strategic, less about adulation than survival. And as David J. Silverman argues in Red Brethren, it was accompanied by a growing sense (among Natives as well as white subjects and citizens) of an essential racial difference. Ironically, even as some Indians became white, the racial categories themselves became entrenched.Though the Brothertown and Stockbridge Indians had voted with their feet, distancing themselves from intruding whites, ridding themselves of internal dissenters, and creating more homogenous communities in New York, they were soon revisited by familiar problems - factionalism, white encroachment, trespassing, and threats to their land and sovereignty. Enduring intolerable pressures, some began to cast their eyes further west, first to Indiana and then to Michigan Territory. A move to the former location was largely thwarted, but by the 1830s the Brothertowns and Stockbridges relocated to Wisconsin. From there, new intrusions and expansionist pressures diminished their lands, pushed them to new tracts within the territory, and eventually propelled some to Kansas and then Oklahoma.These communities exemplified accommodation and successfully met every requirement imposed by white Americans who sought their assimilation. In their new environs they rapidly became stable, prosperous, well-schooled, and well-churched. It became increasingly difficult to distinguish their villages and farms from those of the most respectable whites.And yet they continued to suffer the fate of dispossession. …