Abstract
Placenta-derived amniotic cells have prominent features for application in regenerative medicine. However, there are still discrepancies in the characterization of human amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells. It seems crucial that the characterization of human amniotic membrane cells be investigated to determine whether there are currently discrepancies in their characterization reports. In addition, possible causes for the witnessed discrepancies need to be addressed toward paving the way for further clinical application and safer practices. The objective of this review is to investigate the marker characterization as well as the potential causes of the discrepancies in the previous reports on placenta-derived amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells. The current discrepancies could be potentially due to reasons including passage number and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell heterogeneity, isolation protocols and cross-contamination, the region of cell isolation on placental disk, measuring methods, and gestational age.
Highlights
Human amniotic membrane has increasingly attracted the attention of basic and clinical scientists in recent years as a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. It is a thin avascular membrane which forms a fluid-filled sac enclosing the fetus, which consists of an epithelial layer, a basal lamina, and an avascular mesenchymal layer which includes a compact layer, a fibroblast layer and a spongy layer (Gupta et al, 2015)
The mesenchymal layer is connected to the basal lamina and includes fibroblast-like mesenchymal stromal cells, and a defined population of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)-DR-expressing cells with macrophage-monocyte phenotypic (Magatti et al, 2008)
The expression of CD73, CD90, and CD105 increased during passages and more than 95% of human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) expressed CD73, CD90, and CD105 from P2 to P4 (Samsonraj et al, 2017)
Summary
Human amniotic membrane has increasingly attracted the attention of basic and clinical scientists in recent years as a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. It is a thin avascular membrane which forms a fluid-filled sac enclosing the fetus, which consists of an epithelial layer, a basal lamina, and an avascular mesenchymal layer which includes a compact layer, a fibroblast layer and a spongy layer (Gupta et al, 2015). The mesenchymal layer is connected to the basal lamina and includes fibroblast-like mesenchymal stromal cells, and a defined population of HLA-DR-expressing cells with macrophage-monocyte phenotypic (Magatti et al, 2008). The number of human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) is Discrepancies in Placenta Stem-Cell Markers four to eight times greater than human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs), depending on the gestational age (Ochsenbein-Kolble et al, 2003)
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