Abstract
Abstract The modern title Book of the Ba designates a funerary composition known exclusively from Akhmim. Based on prosopographical and iconographical evidence, the papyri can be dated to the Ptolemaic Period, most likely the third century BCE. The text itself most likely originated in the New Kingdom. Only two copies of the Book of the Ba, each attached to a Book of the Dead papyrus, are extant. The eight spells and four vignettes of the composition focus on the ba, the bird-shaped, mobile manifestation of the deceased. While its layout, texts, and vignettes are unique, the Book of the Ba is in several ways closely related to the Book of the Dead.
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