The bone-bonding polymer Polyactive 80/20 induces hydroxycarbonate apatite formation in vitro.

Abstract

The bone-bonding polymer known as Polyactive is a block copolymer composed of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) soft segment and a polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) hard segment. This study focuses on the in vitro induction of hydroxyapatite by Polyactive. Our results show that Polyactive is capable of inducing hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCAp) formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution analogous to a physiological solution. In a 4-day incubation, the HCAp formation extended approximately 100 microm deep from the surface. A great number of globules about 1 microm large were found in the calcified Polyactive. These globules were composed of HCAp crystals embedded in the polymer matrix. There were so many globules in the surface that they connected with each other and formed a calcified layer. Next to the calcified layer was a zone where the globules were scattered. The calcified surface may have acted to promote HCAp growth from the solution, bringing about the formation of a HCAp layer on top of the calcified layer. The transition of solid Polyactive into a Polyactive hydrogel in calcium phosphate solution permitted HCAp formation within the polymer. It is proposed that the COOH groups produced during hydrolysis of Polyactive play an important role in nucleating hydroxyapatite. A remarkable affinity of the PEO segment of the polymer for calcium ions may facilitate moving calcium and phosphate from the solution into the polymer for the growth of HCAp.