THE BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS L.)

Abstract

SummaryThe two African genera of rhinoceroses are briefly compared and an account given of the distribution of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.). This species, which is adapted to a wide range of habitats, is now absent from or scarce in many parts of Africa where it was common only 50 or 100 years ago. It is described in detail with comments on the validity of the two subspecies D. b. bicornis and D. b. somaliensis Potocki.Daily activity and home range of the black rhinoceroy are largely related to its water requirements. and it normally drinks once in 24 hours. In order to feed it may move 5–15 miles from the watering place along regular paths; feeding takes place in the early morning and evening and the remainder of the day is spent resting in shaue. A constant behaviour pattern during defaecation and urination is described.A group or herd is usually composed of one, two or three individuals. Mating may take place at any time during the year. The disposition of individual animals is considered to be related to the degree to which they have been persecuted by man; in different areas, inhabited by hunting or pastoral tribes, a marked difference in behaviour is apparent. Instances have been recorded of black rhinoceroses being killed by elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) and by lions (Panther a leo Linnaeus).An account is given of the structure of the horns and the way in which they are used. and of their commercial value. Poaching of the species in Kenya is carried out largely by means of poisoned arrows or leg snares.Warning is given of the urgent need for strict measures to concerve the species. which will only survive in sanctuaries where its interests are paramount. Its decline is due not only to the impact of man but to its apparent inability to extend its range into areas where rhinos have not formerly existed. It is one of the species in most danger of extinction.(Editorial note: this paper was written by the late A. T. A. Ritchie, Chief Game Warden of Kenya from 1923 to 1948, some time before his death in 1962. Ritchie was a fine observer and naturalist whose special interest was the black rhinoceros, and the editorial committee consider it particularly suitable that this record of his observations should be published in the first number of the East African Wildlife Journal to which he would undoubtedly have given wholehearted support. It should be pointed out that certain facts in the paper are now outdated. Some authorities consider the white rhino to be a species of Diceros, and poaching and other effects of man's presence are now a major factor in the decline of the black rhinoceros. Even with the present degree of control poaching is rife, and if this control is materially decreased the rhinoceros will undoubtedly rapidly disappear from many areas.)