Abstract
Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), the biting fly, is an important source of irritation to dairy herds in many North Island districts. In rural areas, uncovered ensilage stacks are the main breeding sites of the insect. Optimum breeding conditions occur in the presence of an adequate supply of moisture and favourable temperatures. Significant breeding sources in urban areas include open compost heaps, piles of grass clippings, and accumulations of other decomposing organic substances. In areas free of ensilage stacks and other breeding media there is no problem. Few flies will disperse farther than is necessary to secure blood meals. Generally, the presence of 15 flies/animal will cause restlessness, and subsequent interference with normal grazing habits. Daily fly activity in dairy herds is influenced to a great extent by prevailing weather conditions. Because of overriding factors closely associated with lactation trends, little relation between daily fly abundance and milk yield's was found. Covering i...
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