The birth of the universe in a new G-theory approach

Abstract

Recently, Padmanabhan has discussed that the expansion of the cosmic space is due to the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region. Now, a natural question arises that how these degrees of freedom emerged from nothing? We try to address this issue in a new theory which is more complete than M-theory and reduces to it with some limitations. In M-theory, there is no stable object like stable M3-branes that our universe is formed on it and for this reason cannot help us to explain cosmological events. In this research, we propose a new theory, named G-theory which could be the mother of M-theory and superstring theory. In G-theory, at the beginning, two types of G0-branes, one with positive energy and one with negative energy are produced from nothing in 14 dimensions. Then, these branes are compactified on three circles via two different ways (symmetrically and anti-symmetrically), and two bosonic and fermionic parts of action for M0-branes are produced. By joining M0-branes, supersymmetric Mp-branes are created which contain the equal number of degrees of freedom for fermions and bosons. Our universe is constructed on one of Mp-branes and other Mp-brane and extra energy play the role of bulk. By dissolving extra energy which is produced by compacting actions of Gp-branes, into our universe, the number of degrees of freedom on it and also its scale factor increase and universe expands. We test G-theory with observations and find that the magnitude of the slow-roll parameters and the tensor-to-scalar ratio in this model are very much smaller than one which are in agreement with predictions of experimental data. Finally, we consider the origin of the extended theories of gravity in G-theory and show that these theories could be anomaly free.