Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is referring to the multi-systemic α-synucleinopathy with Lewy bodies deposited in midbrain. In ageing, the environmental and genetic factors work together and overactive major histocompatibility complex pathway to regulate immune reactions in central nerve system which resulting in neural degeneration, especially in dopaminergic neurons. As a series of biomarkers, the human leukocyte antigen genes with its related proteomics play cortical roles on the antigen presentation of major histocompatibility complex molecules to stimulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes and i-proteasome activities under their immune response to the PD-related environmental alteration and genetic variation. Furthermore, dopaminergic drugs change the biological characteristic of T lymphatic cells, affect the α-synuclein presentation pathway, and inhibit T lymphatic cells to release cytotoxicity in PD development. Taking together, the serum inflammatory factors and blood T cells are involved in the immune dysregulation of PD and inspected as the potential clinic biomarkers for PD prediction.
Highlights
The raised incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) becomes a serious issue in an aged society [1]
According to the latest clinic diagnosis criteria of MDS (Movement Disorder Association 2015), the diagnosis of PD need to meet the following criteria: rest tremor and bradykinesia in limbs, clinic symptoms of PD are effectively improved by L-dopa, disease duration is usually accompanied by non-motor symptoms especially in early stage, and discrimination from other neural disease [3]
Abundant Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC)-II positive microglia and CD4 +,CD8+ T cells were found in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients, and the microglia activity was confirmed to be related to the degeneration severity of DA neurons as well as PD progression [17]
Summary
The raised incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) becomes a serious issue in an aged society [1]. MHC presentation activates CD4+T cells and CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to take part in the immune regulation in CNS, respectively [23]. The activated microglias secrete TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 inflammatory factors to attack DA neurons, or present antigens to CD4+ T cells by MHC-II pathway [24, 25].
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