The biomarker macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a predictor of no-reflow phenomenon and other adverse events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract

Abstract Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be caused by the “no-reflow” phenomenon. Biomarkers for the “no-reflow” phenomenon prediction is being actively studied. Proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of the promising biomarkers. Purpose To estimate the role of MIF in the prediction of early reperfusion myocardial injury and MACE in patients with STEMI. Methods The study involved 341 STEMI patients (78.6% male and 21.4% female) with an average age of 59.08±9.65 years. Control group of 12 healthy volunteers included. All patients were made to undergo a baseline investigation. In addition, the level of MIF and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) determined twice during the first 12 hours of STEMI, before the PCI and 24 hours after the procedure. Coronary blood flow evaluated using TIMI flow grade and myocardial blush grade (MBG). All patients had epicardial blood flow TIMI 3. The criteria for “no-reflow” diagnosis were myocardial perfusion at MBG 0 or MBG 1 level with complete recovery of epicardial blood flow or ST-segment resolution (rST) of less than 70% from baseline within 2 hours after PCI. All patients were divided into two groups according to MBG and rST after PCI more and less than 70%: 147 patients in the first group with MBG stage 0–1, 182 patients with MBG stage 2–3. Results The level of MIF biomarker determined before PCI was significantly higher in the group of patients with MBG 0–1 in comparison to MBG 2–3. (4386,750±676 pg/ml vs 2935±350 pg/ml; p=0,05). Also, the level of sST2, left ventricular mass index and blood glucose were significantly higher in the group of MBG 0–1 (p=0.03, p=0.006 and p=0.0085, respectively). The difference in left ventricle posterior wall thickness and early to late diastolic transmitral flow velocity (p=0.045) was found between two groups. In the group of MBG 0–1 and rST<70% these parameters were significantly lower (p=0,04 and p=0,05, respectively). Using the multivariate regression analysis, the dependency of the biomarker MIF on the parameters of the reperfusion myocardial injuries were obtained. MIF measured before revascularization was an independent predictor of MBG 0–1 and rST less than 70% (coefficients Beta 0,00057; odd ratio 1,0; 95%confidential interval (CI) 1,0–1,001; p=0,038). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that long-term adverse outcomes rate after STEMI was significantly higher in patient with the level of MIF determined during the first 12 hours after the event more than 2988 pg/ml (Log-rank = −4,891, p=0.014). Conclusions Biomarkers MIF has a capacity as predictive tool for MACE and “no-reflow” phenomenon in STEMI patients. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.