The biology of Bothrometopus elongatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in a mid-altitude fellfield on sub-Antarctic Marion Island

Abstract

Bothrometopus elongatus is one of four Ectemnorhinus-group species restricted to the epilithic biotope on the Prince Edward Islands. Here we examine the biology of this species over a full year at Kerguelen Rise, a mid-altitude fellfield site on Marion Island. B. elongatus adults eclose from April onwards, reaching maximum densities (ca. 17 individuals m−2) in September. Females mature approximately three eggs at a time and these commence hatching in July. Larval eclosion reaches a peak in November, during which time larval densities are also highest (ca. 153 individuals m−2). The larvae develop through six instars, which is within the range found for other Ectemnorhinus-group species. The high densities of B. elongatus in fellfield habitats, and its single, virtually discrete annual generation, make this species unusual among insects indigenous to the sub-Antarctic. The latter generally have low densities compared to other micro-arthropods, prolonged life-cycles, and flexible life-histories. We suggest that the diversity of life-histories found amongst the indigenous insects at Marion Island presents considerable potential for testing environmental effects on insect life-histories. An overview of sub-Antarctic insect life-history data suggests that the indigenous species, with generally prolonged life-cycles, are at a disadvantage relative to introduced species that have more rapid cycles and often complete several generations per year. This is reason for concern given rapid climate change at these islands.