The biology and conservation status of the oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) and future directions for recovery

Abstract

The oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) was once considered one of the most abundant and ubiquitous pelagic shark species in tropical seas globally. However, over the last several decades, the oceanic whitetip has experienced substantial population declines throughout its range due to fishing pressure and utilization in the international fin trade. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been undertaken on this species, revealing new information on life history, movements and behavior, and threats to the species. Additionally, a recent surge of protective measures has been implemented for the oceanic whitetip shark, both internationally and nationally. These include (but are not limited to) retention prohibition measures in every major tuna Regional Fishery Management Organization (RFMO), its listing in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), and its listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) as a threatened species. However, despite its global distribution and common occurrence in many commercial fisheries in tropical waters, little is still known regarding the oceanic whitetip shark’s biology and population status. Therefore, we summarize what is known on the biology and conservation of the oceanic whitetip shark, identify information gaps, and discuss future directions for recovery of this imperiled species.