Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) resin medical-dental devices have been increasingly used in recent years after the emergence of digital technologies. In Orthodontics, therapies with aligners have gained popularity, mainly due to the aggressive promotion policies developed by the industry. However, their systemic effects are largely unknown, with few studies evaluating the systemic toxicity of these materials. The release of bisphenol A and other residual monomers have cytotoxic, genotoxic, and estrogenic effects. This systematic review aims to analyze the release of toxic substances from 3D resins used in Orthodontics and their toxic systemic effects systematically. The PICO question asked was, “Does the use of 3D resins in orthodontic devices induce cytotoxic effects or changes in estrogen levels?”. The search was carried out in several databases and according to PRISMA guidelines. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were included. The in vitro studies’ risk of bias was assessed using the guidelines for the reporting of pre-clinical studies on dental materials by Faggion Jr. For the in vivo studies, the SYRCLE risk of bias tool was used, and for the clinical studies, the Cochrane tool. A total of 400 articles retrieved from the databases were initially scrutinized. Fourteen articles were included for qualitative analysis. The risk of bias was considered medium to high. Cytotoxic effects or estrogen levels cannot be confirmed based on the limited preliminary evidence given by in vitro studies. Evidence of the release of bisphenol A and other monomers from 3D resin devices, either in vitro or clinical studies, remains ambiguous. The few robust results in the current literature demonstrate the absolute need for further studies, especially given the possible implications for the young patient’s fertility, which constitutes one of the largest groups of patients using these orthodontic devices.
Highlights
Clear aligner systems have been around for many years in the Orthodontic practice; in recent years, the rapid development in this area led to the creation of large production facilities, increasing their availability to the population
With the launch of the Tooth Positioner (TP Orthodontics) in the mid-20th century, which allowed for only slight orthodontic movements, many advances were made within clear aligner systems
Cytotoxicity; Estrogenicity was assessed by the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231
Summary
Clear aligner systems have been around for many years in the Orthodontic practice; in recent years, the rapid development in this area led to the creation of large production facilities, increasing their availability to the population. Since Align Technology’s FDA approval in 1998, the popularity of orthodontic aligners within the general public has risen, creating a market demand and increasing the number of companies that offer these services [2,4,5,6] These systems improved throughout the years and retained some advantages compared to conventional orthodontic treatment. As orthodontists treat an increasingly older population, there is a rise in aesthetic concerns, favoring the use of these systems [1,2] Another advantage is that the clear aligner systems were noted by Cardoso et al [7] to be less painful when compared to the conventional bracket system. There is no consensual standpoint as some authors describe similar outcomes in aligner and conventional bracket patients, and others observe better hygiene and less plaque build-up in aligner patients and fewer enamel lesions as a result [3,4,5,6,8]
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