Abstract
The call for malaria control, over the last century, marked a new epoch in the history of this disease. Many control strategies targeting either the Plasmodium parasite or the Anopheles vector were shown to be effective. Yet, the emergence of drug resistant parasites and insecticide resistant mosquito strains, along with numerous health, environmental, and ecological side effects of many chemical agents, highlighted the need to develop alternative tools that either complement or substitute conventional malaria control approaches. The use of biological means is considered a fundamental part of the recently launched malaria eradication program and has so far shown promising results, although this approach is still in its infancy. This review presents an overview of the most promising biological control tools for malaria eradication, namely fungi, bacteria, larvivorous fish, parasites, viruses and nematodes.
Highlights
Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including regions in Africa, Asia and America [1]
Though epidemiological studies gave no evidence of the direct effect of DDT on inducing breast, liver, and pancreatic cancer, the ability of DDT to reside in many human tissues and cause various health related disorders, including problems in the liver, kidney, nervous, immune and reproductive systems, was another important reason to reconsider the use of such chemical compounds in malaria control [18]
Opposing many of the suggestions [34,114], these recorded data showed that the larvae of A. gambiae are highly sensitive to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) infections compared to the larvae of other mosquito species like Aedes, Culex quinquefasciatus, and A. arabiensis [43,105,115]
Summary
Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including regions in Africa, Asia and America [1]. Though epidemiological studies gave no evidence of the direct effect of DDT on inducing breast, liver, and pancreatic cancer, the ability of DDT to reside in many human tissues and cause various health related disorders, including problems in the liver, kidney, nervous, immune and reproductive systems, was another important reason to reconsider the use of such chemical compounds in malaria control [18]. The emergence of insecticide resistant mosquito strains [24] was another major impediment in such control strategies. The use of biological agents shows no environmental contamination or Anopheles resistance Their side effects on living beings including humans, domestic animals and on wildlife are minimal, if not completely absent. Colonize the male reproductive system and female eggs of many mosquito vectors
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