The Biodegradation of Indigo Carmine by Bacillus safensis HL3 Spore and Toxicity Analysis of the Degradation Products

Abstract

The aims of this article were to investigate Bacillus safensis HL3 spore for its capacity to degrade and detoxify indigo carmine and to provide an effective biological agent for the treatment of isatin dye wastewater. Bacillus safensis HL3 spore was found to decolorize indigo carmine by 97% in the presence of acetosyringone within 2 h. Significantly increased activities of spore laccase, intracellular tyrosinase, and lignin peroxidase upon exposure to indigo carmine were observed. The results of RT-qPCR also showed that the expression of laccase gene was significantly increased. The spore has the ability to degrade indigo carmine through oxidization. Furthermore, the pathway by which indigo carmine is degraded was investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to identify the biodegradation products. A detailed pathway of indigo carmine degradation by bacterial spores was proposed for the first time. Toxicity tests indicated that the biodegradation products of indigo carmine are non-toxic to Nicotiana tabacum seeds and are less hazardous to human erythrocytes than the original dye. Indigo carmine is a typical recalcitrant dye and severely jeopardizes human health. The results demonstrate the utility of the spore from Bacillus safensis HL3 for the degradation of indigo carmine and simultaneous reduction of its toxicity.