Abstract
The progress of wound regeneration relies on inflammation management, while neovascular angiogenesis is a critical aspect of wound healing. In this study, the bioactive core and corona synergism of quantized gold (QG) were developed to simultaneously address these complicated issues, combining the abilities to eliminate endotoxins and provide oxygen. The QG was constructed from ultrasmall nanogold and a loosely packed amine-based corona via a simple process, but it could nonetheless eliminate endotoxins (a vital factor in inflammation also called lipopolysaccharides) and provide oxygen in situ for the remodeling of wound sites. Even while capturing endotoxins through electrostatic interactions, the catalytic active sites inside the nanogold could maintain its surface accessibility to automatically transform the overexpressed hydrogen peroxide in hypoxic wound regions into oxygen. Since the inflammatory stage is an essential stage of wound healing, the provision of endotoxin clearance by the outer organic corona of the QG could slow inflammation in a way that subsequently promoted two other important stages of wound bed healing, namely proliferation and remodeling. Relatedly, the efficacy of two forms of the QG, a liquid form and a dressing form, was demonstrated at wound sites in this study, with both forms promoting the development of granulation, including angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Thus, the simply fabricated dual function nanocomposite presented herein not only offers reduced batch-to-batch variation but also increased options for homecare treatments.
Highlights
Wound healing involves a complicated pathophysiological process that includes inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling
A form of debris called lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), known as endotoxins, that can be released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are very toxic, and can act as a potent immune activator to slow down the process of wound healing
The quantized gold (QG) particles were mainly constructed using eight gold atoms entrapped within a dendrimer, and photoluminescence was emitted at a wavelength of 450 nm in aqueous solution (Figure 2A, the inset on the left side)
Summary
Wound healing involves a complicated pathophysiological process that includes inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Chronic wounds normally take a long time to heal due to the fact that they remain in the inflammatory stage for too long, which interferes with the progression of the wound bed when going into the proliferation and remodeling phases. A form of debris called lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), known as endotoxins, that can be released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are very toxic, and can act as a potent immune activator to slow down the process of wound healing. LPSs are a dangerous byproduct of bacteria insofar as they can cause an infected wound to exhibit worsening inflammation if the infection is not effectively controlled
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