Abstract
Neodymium (Nd) potentially pollutes environment for its wide usage in agriculture and industry. In this study, the chemical forms of Nd and effect of Nd on rice shoots were studied after rice seedlings were exposed with 0, 1, 10, 100 and1000 μM Nd. The higher concentration of Nd inhibited shoot growth, but the lower concentration of Nd induced shoot growth. Six different chemical forms of Nd were present in shoot and the major forms of Nd were the insoluble phosphate and oxalate Nd. The content of Nd was further detected in the soluble fractions, organelles and cell wallsof rice shoot, respectively. Nd was mainly accumulated in the cell wall of shoot. The higher concentration of Nd decreased the content of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in shoot. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were elevated by Nd treatments. Our results showed that the inactive oxalate or phosphate Nd was the major forms of Nd in rice shoot and the efficient sequestration into cell wall was a key detoxification pattern of Nd in the shoot of rice seedlings.With the wide usage of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in agriculture, the detoxification mechanism of Nd in rice shoot was helpful for assessing the environmental safety of REEs.
Highlights
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have been widely used in the industries, high-technology factories, forestry and agriculture (Bergsten-Torralba et al, 2020; Gwenzi et al, 2018; Jiachen et al, 2006; Zhao and Yang, 2019)
Our results showed that the lower concentration of Nd could induce shoot growth, which was consistent with these previous studies (Agathokleous et al, 2018; Salgado et al, 2020; Zicari et al, 2018)
It is found that the higher concentration of Nd inhibited shoot growth, but the lower concentration Nd had positive effects on rice seedlings
Summary
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have been widely used in the industries, high-technology factories, forestry and agriculture (Bergsten-Torralba et al, 2020; Gwenzi et al, 2018; Jiachen et al, 2006; Zhao and Yang, 2019). REEs will pollute environment, contaminate the plants and affect the food quality with the wide usage of REEs. The negative effect of REEs on the growth of crops has been observed as the soil surfaces are continuously polluted by REEs (Carpenter et al, 2015; Tang et al, 2017; Thomas et al, 2014). Nd has been treated as an emerging contaminant of environment (Carpenter et al, 2015; Kotelnikova et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2006; Zhao et al, 2019). As one of new pollutants in environment, there is still not enough information on the biological risks of Nd
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