The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid was higher from phospholipid food products than from mono- and triacylglycerol food products in a dynamic gastrointestinal model.

Nobuhiko Domoto,Marjorie E Koenen,Boon‐Seang Chu,Robert Havenaar,Akihiro Mikajiri

doi:10.1002/fsn3.58

Abstract

The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the forms of monoacylglycerol (EPA-MAG), triacylglycerol (EPA-TAG), and phospholipid (EPA-PL) during gastrointestinal passage was compared in this study using a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system). The TIM system simulated the average upper gastrointestinal tract conditions of healthy human adults after intake of a meal (fed state conditions). In this study, the three EPA-rich oils were separately homogenized with full fat milk to obtain oil-in-water emulsions. Plain yogurt was added into the mixture at an emulsion/yogurt ratio of 4:1 (w/w) as the food matrix of the test products. The results show that the test meals containing EPA-PL left the stomach compartment most efficiently in comparison with the gastric emptying of EPA-MAG and EPA-TAG. The PLs also showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher bioaccessibility of EPA (75–80%) in comparison with MAG (30%) and TAG (38%). The better gastric emptying of EPA-PL was likely related to the more stable emulsion of EPA-PL in the test meal. EPA-PL was delivered within the meal matrix into the duodenum instead of floating on the top of the test meal matrix. EPA-MAG had the highest amount of EPA that did not leave the stomach (68% of the test meal). The results from this work indicate that EPA-PL is a more effective form of EPA for a higher lipid bioaccessibility than MAG and TAG under the test conditions.

Highlights

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important building blocks of phospholipid (PL) membranes in tissues throughout the body (Connor 2000)
The main objective of the work was to compare the bioaccessibility of EPA in the form of monoacylglycerol (MAG), TAG, and PL during transit through a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system, Minekus et al 1995)
The milk/yogurt emulsion containing PL-EPA left the stomach compartment most efficiently, in contrast to the gastric emptying of the acylglyceride forms of EPA, which were emptied from the stomach for ~40%

Summary

Introduction

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important building blocks of phospholipid (PL) membranes in tissues throughout the body (Connor 2000). This is especially true in the retina, brain, and spermatozoa, in which DHA constitutes up to 36% of total fatty acids of the cell membrane (Neuringer et al 1986; Lin et al 1993). There is evidence of inverse relationships between DHA and EPA in the diet with the occurrence of coronary heart disease (Din et al 2004; Breslow 2006; Gebauer et al 2006).

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