Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major health problem worldwide, causing more deaths than diabetes and cancer. The dissemination of vertical and horizontal antibiotic resistance genes has been conducted for a selection of pan-resistant bacteria. Here, we test if the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from human feces samples in health conditions are carriers of beta-lactamases genes. The samples were cultured in a brain–heart infusion medium and subcultured in blood agar in aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 24 h at 37 °C. The grown colonies were identified by their biochemical profiles. The DNA was extracted and purified by bacterial lysis using thermal shock and were used in the endpoint PCR and next generation sequencing to identify beta-lactamase genes expression (OXA, VIM, SHV, TEM, IMP, ROB, KPC, CMY, DHA, P, CFX, LAP, and BIL). The aerobic bacterias Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, Serratia fonticola, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea agglomerans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterobacter cloacae, the anaerobic bacteria: Capnocytophaga species, Bacteroides distasonis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides fragilis, Eubacterium species, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Fusobacterium species, Bacteroides species, and Bacteroides vulgatus were isolated and identified. The results showed 49 strains resistant to beta-lactam with the expression of blaSHV (10.2%), blaTEM (100%), blaKPC (10.2%), blaCYM (14.3%), blaP (2%), blaCFX (8.2%), and blaBIL (6.1%). These data support the idea that the human enteric microbiota constitutes an important reservoir of genes for resistance to beta-lactamases and that such genes could be transferred to pathogenic bacteria.
Highlights
The indiscriminate and unconscious use of antibiotics in the clinic, agriculture, and livestock have been increased the selection pressure in the worldwide microbiome, inducing resistant, multiresistant, and pan-resistant pathogen bacteria selection [1,2,3]
Even though many of these bacteria do not produce pathology, they are capable of transferring these antibiotic resistances mechanisms to human gut microbiota members and pathogenic bacteria, making it a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes [37]
Each one represents 3.7% of all beta-lactam resistant aerobic Enterobacteriaceae, the Enterobacter aerogenes represent 7.4%, Enterococcus faecalis was present in 14.8%, Enterobacter cloacae were in the 22.2% of all isolated strands, the more abundant Enterobacteriaceae were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae in and Pantoea agglomerans were found in the 11.1% each one (Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2)
Summary
The indiscriminate and unconscious use of antibiotics in the clinic, agriculture, and livestock have been increased the selection pressure in the worldwide microbiome, inducing resistant, multiresistant, and pan-resistant pathogen bacteria selection [1,2,3] Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a situation that has been increasing during the last decades, converting into a wide world public health problem [6,7], that complicates the treatment of the infection while increases the mortality rate in both nosocomial or community-acquired infectious diseases [8,9] This resistance is reaching a critical point, as the increase in these resistant, multi-resistant, and pan-resistant pathogenic strains causes serious medical complications [10]. The indiscriminate and unconscious use of these antibiotics in daily clinical practice has caused an increase in multiresistant
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