Abstract
New technologies are ever evolving and have the power to change human work for the better or the worse depending on the implementation. For human–robot interaction (HRI), it is decisive how humans and robots will share tasks and who will be in charge for decisions on task allocation. The aim of this online experiment was to examine the influence of different decision agents on the perception of a task allocation process in HRI. We assume that inclusion of the worker in the allocation will create more perceived work resources and will lead to more satisfaction with the allocation and the work results than a decision made by another agent. To test these hypotheses, we used a fictional production scenario where tasks were allocated to the participant and a robot. The allocation decision was either made by the robot, by an organizational unit, or by the participants themselves. We then looked for differences between those conditions. Our sample consisted of 151 people. In multiple ANOVAs, we could show that satisfaction with the allocation process, the solution, and with the result of the work process was higher in the condition where participants themselves were given agency in the allocation process compared to the other two. Those participants also experienced more task identity and autonomy. This has implications for the design of allocation processes: The inclusion of workers in task allocation can play a crucial role in leveraging the acceptance of HRI and in designing humane work systems in Industry 4.0.
Highlights
Industry 4.0 stands for a plethora of new technologies, interconnected processes, and innovative ways of producing goods
In the conditions with no worker influence on the allocation decision, i.e., when the robot or the management allocated the tasks, process satisfaction is explained by trust in the decision agent and appropriateness of perceived decision criteria
Beyond what we found in our experiment, one could assume that participation instead of full delegation would still be an acceptable way to create autonomy and task identity, but that it would have more standardized and controllable allocation decision processes
Summary
Industry 4.0 stands for a plethora of new technologies, interconnected processes, and innovative ways of producing goods. These developments do offer many opportunities for efficiency and flexibility, and for designing humane and future-proof work. Even in Industry 4.0 settings, where many processes might function fully autonomous, people will still be needed for certain tasks. Those people need to be kept “in the loop” to understand the processes, to react to changes flexibly, and to solve problems dynamically. A task allocation in HRI that is influenceable for the workers allows for combining the advantages of human creativity, flexibility and
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