Abstract
The research establishes the best solution for centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment in the Makkah region in Saudi Arabia. The research used a thematic coding approach to identify literature materials on the research problem. The literature review indicated that wastewater treatment could be optimized by integrating multiple practices. The proposed solutions include creating awareness and optimizing safety standards, expanding the treatment plants and optimizing them, integrating treatment processes through centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment plants, using simple systems and technologies, expanding existing plants, optimizing performance, adopting cost-efficient strategies, and using the Right Technology, Control, and Integration Systems.
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