Abstract
A method is introduced for the simultaneous study of the square function and the maximal function of a martingale that can yield sharp norm inequalities between the two. One application is that the expectation of the square function of a martingale is not greater than 3 \sqrt 3 times the expectation of the maximal function. This gives the best constant for one side of the Davis two-sided inequality. The martingale may take its values in any real or complex Hilbert space. The elementary discrete-time case leads quickly to the analogous results for local martingales M M indexed by [ 0 , ∞ ) [0,\infty ) . Some earlier inequalities are also improved and, closely related, the Lévy martingale is embedded in a large family of submartingales.
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