Abstract
Varicocele, male accessory gland infection, immunological infertility, and idiopathic oligozoospermia are the main causes of male infertility. Disturbances of ovulation, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endometriosis are common causes of female reproductive failure. The mechanisms by which these causes interfere with male and female reproduction are inflammation through prostaglandins and cytokines, and oxidative overload damaging the cell membrane, inducing mutagenesis of the DNA, and impairing mitochondrial energy production. A unique nutraceutical food supplement (NFS) has been created that aims at correcting these mechanisms and at reducing the influence of detrimental environmental factors. The efficiency of adding this NFS to causal therapy, or in assisted reproduction is expressed as numbers of couples needed to treat (NNT) to obtain one additional pregnancy. When the NFS is added to the treatment of varicocele the NNT is 3. Treating both partners with the NFS resulted in one additional ongoing pregnancy for every 4 IVF treatments.
Highlights
Since the introduction of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in 1978, and subsequently of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in 1990 [1], there has been little progress in techniques that aim at achieving pregnancy using deficient gametes
The present paper aims at reviewing the definitions, the physiology and pathology of male and female infertility with emphasis on the mechanisms that are involved, and at highlighting the role of nutraceutical food supplementation (NFS) for the clinical management of infertility
The Leydig cells are stimulated by the gonadotropin luteinising hormone (LH), the secretion of which depends on pulsatile stimulation by the hypothalamic neuro-secrete: Luteinising Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH)
Summary
Since the introduction of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in 1978, and subsequently of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in 1990 [1], there has been little progress in techniques that aim at achieving pregnancy using deficient gametes. The present paper aims at reviewing the definitions, the physiology and pathology of male and female infertility with emphasis on the mechanisms that are involved, and at highlighting the role of nutraceutical food supplementation (NFS) for the clinical management of infertility. Doubling of the success rate (relative risk, RR) thanks to a particular treatment will result in a completely different NNT in case the doubling is from 1% to 2% (RR: 2.00, NNT = 100) than if the doubling is from 20% to 40% (RR: 2.00, NNT = 5). A male factor is detected in nearly half of the infertile couples, in 65% a problem is present in the female partner, and in approximately 10% no obvious abnormalities are found. In one out of every 4 couples both the male and the female partner simultaneously present fertility-impairing pathology
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