Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most harmful xenobiotics to which humans are exposed, mainly by the oral route, throughout life. Preventive strategies are searched as low intoxication with this element, among others due to its prooxidative properties, can be deleterious to health and the exposure to it is continuously increasing. Recently, interest has been paid to plant raw materials with a high antioxidative potential to oppose the prooxidative properties of cadmium, such as black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L. fruit), which is rich in polyphenolic compounds. The study was aimed at assessing whether the chokeberry extract may counteract the prooxidative impact of low-level and moderate repeated intoxication with cadmium on the sublingual salivary gland. The investigation was performed on 96 Wistar rats (females), which were treated with a 0.1% aqueous extract from chokeberries or/and a diet containing 1 or 5 mg Cd/kg for 3 and 10 months, and control animals. The intoxication with cadmium, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, attenuated the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative potential and increased the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and total oxidative status of the sublingual salivary gland resulting in an occurrence of oxidative stress, enhancement of lipid peroxidation, and oxidative injuries of proteins in this salivary gland. The treatment with the black chokeberry extract during the intoxication with cadmium prevented this xenobiotic-caused oxidative/reductive imbalance and oxidative modifications of proteins and lipids in the salivary gland. The above results allow the conclusion that the consumption of black chokeberry products during intoxication with cadmium can prevent oxidative stress and its consequences in the sublingual salivary gland and thus counteract the unfavourable impact of this xenobiotic on the oral cavity.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is a state of disturbed balance between oxidants and antioxidants with a predominance of the former ones, which leads to a disruption of redox signalling and control and/or oxidative damage to cellular molecules [1, 2]
There were no differences in the absolute and relative weights of the sublingual glands among the experimental groups at the studied time points (3 and 10 months), except for the Cd1+chokeberry extract (ChE) group in which both weights after 10 months were higher than those in the control females and the animals administered with ChE alone (Table 1)
The study has shown that low-level repeated intoxication with cadmium may cause the destruction in the oxidative/ antioxidative balance in the sublingual salivary gland
Summary
Oxidative stress is a state of disturbed balance between oxidants and antioxidants with a predominance of the former ones, which leads to a disruption of redox signalling and control and/or oxidative damage to cellular molecules (e.g., lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) [1, 2]. This state is involved in the development of numerous disorders, including these affecting the oral cavity [2,3,4]. Tobacco smoke is a source of the intake of cadmium [16,17,18]
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