Abstract
A triathlon, which consists of swimming, bicycling, and running, is a high-intensity and long-term form of exercise that can cause injuries such as muscular damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy imbalance. Probiotics are thought to play an important role in disease incidence, health promotion, and nutrient metabolism, but only a few studies have focused on physiological adaptations to exercise in sports science. Previous studies indicated that Lactobacillus supplementation could improve oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. We investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 supplementation on triathletes for possible physiological adaptation. The triathletes were assigned to one of two groups with different exercise intensity stimulations with different time-points to investigate the effects of body compositions, inflammation, oxidative stress, performance, fatigue, and injury-related biochemical indices. L. plantarum PS128 supplementation, combined with training, can significantly alleviate oxidative stress (such as creatine kinase, Thioredoxin, and Myeloperoxidase indices) after a triathlon (p < 0.05). This effect is possibly regulated by a 6–13% decrease of indicated pro-inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) cytokines (p < 0.05) and 55% increase of anti-inflammation (IL-10) cytokines (p < 0.05) after intensive exercise stimulation. In addition, L. plantarum PS128 can also substantially increase 24–69% of plasma-branched amino acids (p < 0.05) and elevate exercise performance, as compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, L. plantarum PS128 may be a potential ergogenic aid for better training management, physiological adaptations to exercise, and health promotion.
Highlights
IntroductionThe triathlon, a combination of swimming, cycling, and running exercises, originated in 1972 in
The triathlon, a combination of swimming, cycling, and running exercises, originated in 1972 inSan Diego, California with a non-positive competition
There was no significant difference in fat-free mass, fat mass, or bond mass between the placebo group (PG) and L. plantarum group (LG) groups pre- and post-supplementation (p ≥ 0.05) (Figure 2)
Summary
The triathlon, a combination of swimming, cycling, and running exercises, originated in 1972 in. San Diego, California with a non-positive competition. Participants were required to complete 3.8 km of swimming, 180.0 km of cycling, and 42.2 km of running within one day. Nutrients 2019, 11, 353 total) in line with independent and continuous procedures for the official international competition schedule [1]. A triathlon can induce many sports injuries because it is a form of high-intensity and long-term sport. Most muscle damage caused by exercise is due to an increase in exercise-related oxidative stress, which leads to a decline in skeletal function [3]. A previous study addressed two important aspects related to causing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD)—namely, mechanical and inflammatory stress [4]. Intensive endurance exercise increases oxygen consumption, ischemia-reperfusion injury, white blood cell activation, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [5,6]
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