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Abstract
BackgroundAlthough exercise training has well-known cardiorespiratory and metabolic benefits, low compliance with exercise training programs is a fact, and the harmful effects of physical detraining regarding these adaptations usually go unnoticed. We investigated the effects of exercise detraining on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and GLUT4 expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY).MethodsStudied animals were randomized into sedentary, trained (treadmill running/5 days a week, 60 min/day for 10 weeks), 1 week of detraining, and 2 weeks of detraining. Blood pressure (tail-cuff system), insulin sensitivity (kITT), and GLUT4 (Western blot) in heart, gastrocnemius and white fat tissue were measured.ResultsExercise training reduced blood pressure (19%), improved insulin sensitivity (24%), and increased GLUT4 in the heart (+34%); gastrocnemius (+36%) and fat (+22%) in SHR. In WKY no change in either blood pressure or insulin sensitivity were observed, but there was an increase in GLUT4 in the heart (+25%), gastrocnemius (+45%) and fat (+36%) induced by training. Both periods of detraining did not induce any change in neither blood pressure nor insulin sensitivity in SHR and WKY. One-week detraining reduced GLUT4 in SHR (heart: -28%; fat: -23%) and WKY (heart: -19%; fat: -22%); GLUT4 in the gastrocnemius was reduced after a 2-week detraining (SHR: -35%; WKY: -25%). There was a positive correlation between GLUT4 (gastrocnemius) and the maximal velocity in the exercise test (r = 0.60, p = 0.004).ConclusionsThe study findings show that in detraining, despite reversion of the enhanced GLUT4 expression, cardiorespiratory and metabolic beneficial effects of exercise are preserved.
Highlights
Exercise training has well-known cardiorespiratory and metabolic benefits, low compliance with exercise training programs is a fact, and the harmful effects of physical detraining regarding these adaptations usually go unnoticed
At the study entry the body weight, insulin sensitivity and maximal exercise test results were similar between groups and all rats had either high (SHR) or normal (WKY) blood pressure levels as expected
The correlation between maximal exercise test velocity and gatrocnemius GLUT4 expression observed in the present study suggests that changes in performance could be attributed in part to changes in glucose disposal to oxidation, and in energy production in skeletal muscle
Summary
Exercise training has well-known cardiorespiratory and metabolic benefits, low compliance with exercise training programs is a fact, and the harmful effects of physical detraining regarding these adaptations usually go unnoticed. We investigated the effects of exercise detraining on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and GLUT4 expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Compliance with the recommended treatment is low: in a cohort of hypertensive patients, 45% of them discontinued regular follow-up, i.e., only 55% maintained their blood pressure levels within desired ranges [2]. It is well known that exercise training improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport, in skeletal muscle, the major site for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake [4]. This effect is mediated by increased translocation of GLUT4 from cytoplasm to plasma membrane [5]. Knowing the underlying mechanisms for this benefit, as well as their reversibility, may help devising new preventive and therapeutic actions for systemic arterial hypertension and insulin resistance
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