The “Being Muddled Is Difficult” Thought in Traditional Chinese Culture

Abstract

Editor’s : This article by Li Shaolong defines the thought of “being muddled is difficult” (Nande hutu) as a special feature of the mode of thinking and surviving in Chinese culture. The author argues that the occurrence of the thought of “being muddled is difficult” was a necessity of the development of Chinese culture. According to the author, the core connotation of Nande hutu is not being muddled in a conventional sense, nor is it deference and retreat in a pure sense. Rather, it represents active contemplation and enterprise in society and life, along with the suffering, hesitation, helplessness, and sorrow that comes with it. In a more philosophical sense, the core meaning relates to a deep understanding and identification with human existence and concern with the world. However, in feudal society “muddledness” served as a strategy of survival through mental rest, and the “being muddled is difficult” idea became the embodiment of oppression of human nature by the autocratic feudal monarchy. In the course of its further popularization, the core meaning of “being muddled is difficult” changed. Its active and enterprising components were gradually lost, while its passive and evasive interpretation was strengthened. In clarifying this, the author discusses Nande hutu in the three pillars of feudal society (bureaucracy, clan structure, and hierarchy), and uses quotes from the classics and from stories and writings of famous historical figures and lettered men.